de
structural particle

HSK1 TBCL1 TBCL2
The structural particle de 的 connects an adjective or a pronoun with a noun, marking the attributive function of the adjective.

Common errors

1. Syntactic error

Various errors may occur when learners use 的. Some examples are listed as follows.

1.1 Missing 的

Although it is possible to omit 的 under some circumstances, 的 should be obtained when there is an adverb modifying the adjective attributive. Also, 的 is necessary when 这样/這樣, 那样/那樣 or 怎样/怎樣 is serving as an attributive.

*他对这么小事情生气了。
他对这么小事情生气了。

*我的同屋是一个很好人。
我的同屋是一个很好人。
我的同屋是一个人。

*这样天气很适合去爬山。
这样天气很适合去爬山。

*她穿非常漂亮衣服。
她穿非常漂亮衣服。

*他對這麼小事情生氣了。
他對這麼小事情生氣了。

*我的同屋是一個很好人。
我的同屋是一個很好的人。
我的同屋是一個人。

*這樣天氣很適合去爬山。
這樣天氣很適合去爬山。

1.2 Addition of 的

的 is not allowed after certain types of attributives, for instance, numeral-measure word phrases or demonstrative-measure word phrases. Another common error is adding 的 to the temporal phrase with 时/時.

*三个美国人
三个美国人

*这种苹果很好吃。
这种苹果很好吃。

*上课,我一直说话。
上课,我一直说话。
上课时候,我一直说话。

*三個美國人
三個美國人

*這種蘋果很好吃。
這種蘋果很好吃。

*上課,我一直說話。
上課,我一直說話。
上課時候,我一直說話。

1.3 Wrong order when there is one attributive

The instructor should remind learners that the attribute should always precede the headword, not afterward.

*这是书我昨天买
这是我昨天买书。

*我买了一本书跟中文有关系
我买了一本跟中文有关系书。

*這是書我昨天買
這是我昨天買書。

*我買了一本書跟中文有關係
我買了一本跟中文有關係書。

1.4 Wrong order when there are multiple attributives

It is possible to add more than one attributive before the headword. However, there are certain rules of the order. The order of multiple attributives before 的 is as follows.

  1. Noun/pronoun expressing ownership or possession
  2. Time or location
  3. Predicative or prepositional phrase
  4. Adjective phrase (usually dissyllabic or polysyllabic)

*小明是学习很认真一个学生。
小明是一个学习很认真学生。

*一本他
一本

*一位你朋友
一位朋友

*小明是學習很認真一個學生。
小明是一個學習很認真學生。

*一本他
一本

 

Note: Monosyllabic adjectives, non-predicative adjectives, and nominal phrases have a closer relationship with the headword and are therefore placed between 的 and the headword. Also, the position of the numeral-measure word phrase or demonstrative pronoun is more flexible. It is possible to be placed after 的.

哥哥 那件 新买 羊皮 大衣 丢了。

哥哥 那件 新買 羊皮 丢了。

(noun expressing ownership 哥哥 + demonstrative 那 + measure word 件 + predicative phrase 新买/新買 + 的 + nominal phrase 羊皮 + headword 大衣)

哥哥 新买 那件 羊皮 丢了。

哥哥 新買  那件 羊皮 丢了。

(noun expressing ownership 哥哥+ predicative phrase 新买/新買 + 的 + demonstrative 那 + measure word 件 + nominal phrase 羊皮 + headword 大衣)

Note: Due to the limitation of vocabulary, the chances of learners encountering multiple attributives are relatively low. Therefore, if no similar errors arise, instructors can refrain from giving detailed explanations early on, leaving further clarification or related practice for the intermediate stage.

Errors caused by native transfer

The position of attributives in English is more flexible: they can precede or follow the headword. However, in Chinese, attributives should always precede the headword. Due to the influence of their native language, English-speaking learners often make mistakes by putting attributives in the wrong position.

*她想穿那件衣服你买
她想穿那件你买衣服。

*他没有很好的方法学中文
他没有很好的学中文方法。

*情况关于那个学校我不太了解。
关于那个学校情况我不太了解。

*她想穿那件衣服你買
她想穿那件你買衣服。

*他沒有很好的方法學中文
他沒有很好的學中文方法。

*情況關於那個學校我不太了解。
關於那個學校情況我不太了解。

Another negative transfer from the English language is the order of a personal pronoun and a numeral-measure word phrase. In English, one can put the numeral before the personal pronoun (for example, “one of my uncles is a pilot.”), but it is not allowed to do so in Chinese.

*一个姐姐是大学生。
一个姐姐是大学生。

*一個姐姐是大學生。
一個姐姐是大學生。

Classroom activity: "这是谁的东西/這是誰的東西?Whose is this?"

Participants:

Pairs

Time required:

10 minutes

Materials:

Two worksheets. Worksheet A shows a family and their belongings, but it does not indicate which items belong to whom. Worksheet B contains the answers. Each person in the pair receives one worksheet.

Procedure:
  1. Students with worksheet A ask their partners (who have worksheet B) questions like, 这是谁的衣服/這是誰的衣服? or 这是谁的茶/這是誰的茶? The partners with worksheet B answer using full sentences based on the information in their worksheet.
  2. After the Q&A session, the teacher asks the students with worksheet A to share the answers they received.
  3. If time allows, the teacher can distribute additional worksheets (C, D) with different information, and the process is repeated with roles reversed.