Grammatical Items

Grammatical expression

Adverb dōu 都 ‘all, both’

Adverb háishi 还是/還是 ‘had better; still’

Adverb yě 也 ‘also, too’

Adverb yòu 又 “again”

Adverb zài 再 “again”, “some more; another”

Adverbs of time mǎshàng 马上/馬上 “immediately, right away, at once”, xiān 先 “first”, and yǒushí 有时/有时 “sometimes”

Aspectual particle guo 过/過

Aspectual particle le 了1

Aspectual particle zhe 着/著

Comparison among coordinative structures yòu… yòu… 又……又…… ‘both… and…’, yìbiān… yìbiān… 一边/一邊……一边/一邊…… ‘… while … at the same time’ and …, yě… ……，也…… ‘…, and also…’

Comparison among the adverbs yòu 又, zài 再 and hái 还/還

Comparison of structural particles 的, 得, and 地

Comparison: aspectual particles guo 过/過 and le 了1

Comparison: conjunctions huòzhě 或者 and háishi 还是/還是 ‘or’

Comparison: Modal verb xiǎng 想 and yào 要 expressing desire or willingness

Comparison: Prepositions cóng 从/從 and lí 离/離

Comparison: yìdiǎn(r) 一点(儿)/一點(兒) and yíxià(r) 一下(儿)/一下(兒)

Comparison：Modal verb néng 能 ‘can’, huì 会/會 ‘can; know how to’ and kěyǐ 可以 ‘may, can, be allowed to’

Conjunction gēn 跟 ‘and’

Conjunction háishi 还是/還是 ‘or’

Conjunction hé 和 ‘and’

Conjunction huòzhě 或者 ‘or’

Coordinative structure with …, yě… ……，也…… ‘…, and (also)…’

Coordinative structure with yòu… yòu… 又……又…… ‘both… and…’

Measure words – nouns

Modal particle le 了2

Modal verb huì 会/會 ‘can; know how to’ or ‘will’

Modal verb kěyǐ 可以 ‘may, can, be allowed to’

Modal verb néng 能 ‘can’

Modal verb xiǎng 想 ‘would like to, want to’

Modal verb yào 要 ‘want to, desire to; need to, have to; will (have to)’

Modifier yìdiǎn(r) 一点(儿)/一點(兒) ‘a bit‘

Pattern yuè lái yuè… 越来越/越來越…… “more and more…”

Personal pronoun zìjǐ 自己‘oneself, by oneself’

Personal pronouns

Preposition cóng 从/從 ‘from; since’

Preposition duì 对 ‘towards, to’

Preposition gěi 给 ‘to, for’

Preposition lí 离/離 ‘from’

Preposition zài 在

Progressive aspect marker zài 在

Quantitative complement

Structural particle de 地

Structural particle de 得

Structural particle de 的

Structure with yìbiān… yìbiān… 一边/一邊……一边/一邊…… “… while … at the same time”

Teacher’s guide 离/離

Time-measure complement

Verb shì 是 ‘to be’

Verb yǒu 有 ‘there is; there are’

Verb yǒu 有 ‘to have’

Verbal measure word yíxià(r) 一下(儿)/一下(兒)